Caracterización de la producción de aguacate (Persea americana) en Temascaltepec, México.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar el sistema de producción de aguacate en el municipio de Temascaltepec, México. Se utilizó una encuesta estructurada para la recopilación de información primaria, mediante entrevista directa a productores de aguacate, registrados en el padrón del Comité Estatal de Sanidad Vegetal del Estado de México. Los datos fueron analizados mediante métodos multivariantes; un análisis factorial por componentes principales (ACP) para reducir y estandarizar la información y un análisis clúster (AC) para agrupar UP, utilizando las regresiones/coordenadas obtenidas en el ACP. Se utilizaron 26 variables relacionadas con aspectos de estructura, sociales y de manejo de la UP. Del ACP se obtuvieron nueve factores que explicaron el 70 % de la varianza total (P<0.01) y del AC se obtuvieron tres grupos; G1 que agrupa el mayor número de productores, cuya actividad tradicional a partir de UP heredadas, por lo que la mano de obra disponible es principalmente familiar. Son productores con experiencia en el cultivo de aguacate de diferentes variedades y cuentan con certificaciones, pero comercializan el producto en los mercados estatales o nacionales. Son sistemas intensivos que presentan problemas de plagas y uso de agroquímicos. El G2 es un grupo pequeño con productores de mayor edad y tiempo en la actividad, mayor cantidad de tierra (lejos de la casa habitación) y plantas por ha de superficie. Cuentan con un nivel educativo alto, reciben asesoría técnica, lo que se ve reflejado en mayor nivel de comercialización del producto obtenido. El G3 cuenta con productores jóvenes, con menor experiencia y tiempo en la actividad. Las plantaciones son recientes, por lo que requieren capacitación técnica gubernamental. Son productores con menor problemas de plagas y los que mejor manejan las plantaciones. En función de lo anterior se concluye que existe una gran diversidad de UP. Las UP con tradición en la UP y las de reciente creación exportan el aguacate y tienen un manejo intensivo del a tierra. Sin embargo, las primeras tienen mayor problema de plagas y mayor uso de agroquímicos y las segundas, son más eficientes en el control de plagas y en el uso de agroquímicos. Las UP con mayor extensión de superficies y número de plantas se limitan a mercados locales, tiene problemas de plagas y excesiva utilización de agroquímicos, lo que origina alteraciones en la vegetación y en el ecosistema en general

A Model-Based Approach for the Management of Electronic Invoices

The globalized market pushes companies to expand their business boundaries to a whole new level. In order to efficiently support this environment, business transactions must be executed over the Internet. However, there are several factors complicating this process, such as the current state of electronic invoices. Electronic invoice adoption is not widespread because of the current format fragmentation originated by national regulations. In this paper we present an approach based on Model-Driven Engineering techniques and abstractions for supporting the core functions of invoice management systems. We compare our solution with the traditional implementations and try to analyze the advantages MDE can bring to this specific domain

An automated Model-based Testing Approach in Software Product Lines Using a Variability Language.

This paper presents the application of an automated testing approach for Software Product Lines (SPL) driven by its state-machine and variability models. Context: Model-based testing provides a technique for automatic generation of test cases using models. Introduction of a variability model in this technique can achieve testing automation in SPL. Method: We use UML and CVL (Common Variability Language) models as input, and JUnit test cases are derived from these models. This approach has been implemented using the UML2 Eclipse Modeling platform and the CVL-Tool. Validation: A model checking tool prototype has been developed and a case study has been performed. Conclusions: Preliminary experiments have proved that our approach can find structural errors in the SPL under test. In our future work we will introduce Object Constraint Language (OCL) constraints attached to the input UML mode

A Case Study on Software Evolution towards Service-Oriented Architecture.

The evolution of any software product over its lifetime is unavoidable, caused both by bugs to be fixed and by new requirements appearing in the later stages of the product’s lifecycle. Traditional development and architecture paradigms have proven to be not suited for these continual changes, resulting in large maintenance costs. This has caused the rise of approaches such as Service Oriented Architectures (SOA), based on loosely coupled, interoperable services, aiming to address these issues. This paper describes a case study of the evolution of an existing legacy system towards a more maintainable SOA. The proposed process includes the recovery of the legacy system architecture, as a first step to define the specific evolution plan to be executed and validated. The case study has been applied to a medical imaging system, evolving it into a service model

ROMULUS: Domain Driven Design and Mashup Oriented Development Based on Open Source Java Metaframework for Pragmatic, Reliable and Secure Web Development

Web software development is one of the most active areas and fastest growing industries in software and services development in Europe. In particular, Java Enterprise Edition is the mainstream European technology option for one million European developers. Since web development is not still a mature area, the proliferation of frameworks and components has both increased the required skills of web engineers, and has considerably reduced their productivity. For that reason, the evolution of existing Java based web applications is a very hard and time-consuming task. ROMULUS project has researched Domain Driven Design (DDD) for web application development on Java by means of an open source metaframework. A web metaframework is an abstract layer that collects the main aspects of current web frameworks, such as persistence, security, web flow or authentication

¿Pueden los servicios ecosistémicos culturales ser la base para un modelo teórico de turismo alternativo?

El artículo propone un modelo teórico de turismo alternativo basado en los servicios ecosistémicos culturales desde la perspectiva de la geografía. Se fundamenta con la teoría general de sistemas, geografía física y humana, así como modelos de turismo. La metodología que se utilizó fue un análisis de gabinete de documentos especializados sobre los constructos turismo alternativo, servicios ecosistémicos culturales y modelos; se seleccionaron y clasificaron los subsistemas del modelo y se explica la relación que se genera entre ellos. Como resultado se presenta la propuesta de un modelo innovador que intenta explicar la relación que se genera entre el turismo alternativo y los servicios ecosistémicos culturales. Concluyendo que es necesario trabajar en la construcción de modelos que aporten significativamente a la relación de conocimientos entre la geografía y el turismo, lo que da apertura a nuevas líneas de investigación

¿Pueden los servicios ecosistémicos culturales ser la base para un modelo teórico de turismo alternativo?

This article proposes a theoretical model of alternative tourism based on cultural ecosystem services. It is based on the general theory of systems, physical and human geography and tourism models. The methodology used was the in-depth review of documents that have been developed in science on these concepts and models, the subsystems of the model were selected and classified and the relationship that is generated between them is explained. As a result, the model proposal is presented, since there are endless proposals; however, this is an innovative proposal since it is still necessary to explain the relationship that is generated between alternative tourism and cultural ecosystem services. Concluding with a model that can make significant contributions to geography and tourism, this opens up new lines of research.El artículo propone un modelo teórico de turismo alternativo basado en los servicios ecosistémicos culturales desde la perspectiva de la geografía. Se fundamenta con la teoría general de sistemas, geografía física y humana, así como modelos de turismo. La metodología que se utilizó fue un análisis de gabinete de documentos especializados sobre los constructos turismo alternativo, servicios ecosistémicos culturales y modelos; se seleccionaron y clasificaron los subsistemas del modelo y se explica la relación que se genera entre ellos. Como resultado se presenta la propuesta de un modelo innovador que intenta explicar la relación que se genera entre el turismo alternativo y los servicios ecosistémicos culturales. Concluyendo que es necesario trabajar en la construcción de modelos que aporten significativamente a la relación de conocimientos entre la geografía y el turismo, lo que da apertura a nuevas líneas de investigación

Switching TNF antagonists in patients with chronic arthritis: An observational study of 488 patients over a four-year period

The objective of this work is to analyze the survival of infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab in patients who have switched among tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists for the treatment of chronic arthritis. BIOBADASER is a national registry of patients with different forms of chronic arthritis who are treated with biologics. Using this registry, we have analyzed patient switching of TNF antagonists. The cumulative discontinuation rate was calculated using the actuarial method. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves, and Cox regression models were used to assess independent factors associated with discontinuing medication. Between February 2000 and September 2004, 4,706 patients were registered in BIOBADASER, of whom 68% had rheumatoid arthritis, 11% ankylosing spondylitis, 10% psoriatic arthritis, and 11% other forms of chronic arthritis. One- and two-year drug survival rates of the TNF antagonist were 0.83 and 0.75, respectively. There were 488 patients treated with more than one TNF antagonist. In this situation, survival of the second TNF antagonist decreased to 0.68 and 0.60 at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Survival was better in patients replacing the first TNF antagonist because of adverse events (hazard ratio (HR) for discontinuation 0.55 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34-0.84)), and worse in patients older than 60 years (HR 1.10 (95% CI 0.97-2.49)) or who were treated with infliximab (HR 3.22 (95% CI 2.13-4.87)). In summary, in patients who require continuous therapy and have failed to respond to a TNF antagonist, replacement with a different TNF antagonist may be of use under certain situations. This issue will deserve continuous reassessment with the arrival of new medications. © 2006 Gomez-Reino and Loreto Carmona; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research